The Exomologetarion of St. Nicodemos the Hagiorite

by Protopresbyter George Metallinos

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Note: This is an earlier version of the Introduction that now appears in the first English-language edition of the Exomologetarion. See the end of the article for more details.

One of the works by the great Neo-Hesychastic Father of our Church, St. Nicodemos the Hagiorite, [1] that has given rise to lengthy discussions is his Exomologetarion or Manual of Confession. [2] Its language and style pose challenges, and the question is often raised as to how one of the redactors of the Philokalia [3] could have composed such a work. However, if we are to interpret a text of this kind, we must first come to an understanding of its ecclesiological perspective. The aim of my paper is not to analyze the work, but to provide a psychological and hermeneutical treatment of its overall structure and to ascertain its pastoral goals.

1. Let us recall the structure and lineaments of the work. It begins with an address To the Most Reverend Spiritual Fathers in Christ (pp. 3-6), to which is added an Epigram on the Teaching of This Book (p. 7). There follows: Part One: Concise and Practical Instructions for the Spiritual Father, Compiled from Various Sources (pp. 9-111). In Part Two, after brief prefatory remarks about the author thereof, The Canons of St. John the Faster, Together with Their Interpretations are set forth, with explanations by St. Nicodemos (pp. 112-148). To these are added Certain Important Subjects Not Covered by the Canons of St. John of Faster (pp. 149-171). This is followed by Excellent and Concise Advice for the Penitent on How to Confess, Compiled from Various Teachers for the General Benefit of Readers (p. 173). After a brief address (pp. 175-177), consisting of Greetings to My Brothers in Christ and an Epigram on the subject (p. 178), Part Three—Elegant and Concise Advice for the Penitent (pp. 179-238)—commences. To this is attached a Soul-profiting Discourse Concerning the Audacity of Those Who Sin With the Expectation of Confessing and Repenting (pp. 239-282).

St. Nicodemos composed the Exomologetarion after occupying himself with the writings of St. Symeon the New Theologian, [4] and therefore in a spiritual atmosphere that was purely Hesychastic and imbued with the precepts of the Philokalia; not only is it evident that the work is a compilation of texts, but the author himself clearly states this. [5] Consequently, there is no basis in reality for the idea that we are dealing with a genre thitherto completely unknown in the Church, [6] since this kind of work is not foreign to the literary output of the Greek nation during its enslavement to the Turks. At any rate, it behooves us to locate the sources of this misunderstanding. Gerhard Podskalsky, evidently in order to explain the ostensibly scholastic nature of the work, characterizes it, in terms of its structure, as probably based on a Latin original. [8] But the notion that St. Nicodemos worked from Latin models—which, in the past, led to some preposterous speculations—has now been decisively laid to rest by Mr. Emmanuel Frangiskou, [9] who, in the wake of his critical intrusion into the debate, has contributed significantly to demolishing an essentially groundless attempt to make unjust war against this Saint; and for this, we theologians are grateful to him.

St. Nicodemos himself states that he used other works for his Exomologetarion (compiled from various sources, [10] compiled from different teachers [11]). He was translating not from a single text (written in Greek or some other language), but was drawing on diverse works of similar character, using the usual method of compilation that he employs in his writings. [12] In any case, with the exception of his wholly original liturgical commentaries, St. Nicodemos, following the mind of the Fathers, [13] did not consider it a defect to base oneself on the works of others, since in this way the traditional practice of the Church is rekindled and renewed and Her continuity is made manifest by a plurality of voices. Nonetheless, whatever the Saint took from some other writer was always passed through the spiritual transformer of his conscience and his purely Orthodox and ecclesiastical mind-set. [14] Hence, he does not hesitate to say: ...[W]e have been very assiduous in collecting material from a variety of teachers. [15] He states that he has before him the most accurate manuscripts of Exomologetaria from the Holy Mountain, which are profitably used by all of the experienced spiritual Fathers on the Holy Mountain, [16] and he recommends spiritual Fathers to study the Exomologetarion by Chrysanthos of Jerusalem, [17] in conjunction with the Sacred Canons, [18] as well as the printed works of Emmanuel Romanitis, Ho Pneumatikos Didaskomenos [Instructions for Spiritual Fathers] and Ho Metanoon Didaskomenos [Instructions for Penitents], [19] the works of an author who, through his translations, provided Nicodemos with material for other of his writings. [20] He also uses an Orthodoxos Homologia [Orthodox Confession], [21] and he is familiar with the Exomologetarion printed many years ago by one Neophytos of Cyprus, surnamed Rodinos, who was a heretic. [22] Hereby, he tacitly reproaches the cumenical Patriarch Kallinikos III, who republished this work, with [Neophytos] name on the title page, but without purging it of its erroneous ideas. [23] As well, he mentions a newly printed Exomologetarion for the sick, [24] which has recently been published under the name of St. Nicodemos [25] (though His Eminence, Metropolitan Paul of Sweden, considers this a misattribution, [26] asserting that the work belongs to Methodios Anthrakitis [1736] [27]).

The Exomologetarion of St. Nicodemos is based, specifically, on the thirty-eight Canons of St. John the Faster [28] and on his seventeen Penances, which were discovered in manuscripts located in Athonite monasteries. He translates these canonical texts, simplifying them linguistically, and also comments on them, adding detailed footnotes, following the method that he employs in the Pedalion. He holds St. John the Faster in great esteem: The Divine Faster, who set forth his Canons with the discernment of the Holy Spirit.... [29] He recommends that spiritual Fathers apply the Canons in the way that St. John the Faster did, [30] and this because of the condescension that the latter employed (a spiritual Father should thus tell the person confessing to him: I have applied the Canons in your case according to the condescension shown by St. John the Faster [31]). The criteria used by St. Nicodemos in selecting these Canons are pastoral and, as well, purely ecclesiastical (criteria which the entire Orthodox Church has generally accepted and does accept). [32] The great fall in the spiritual level of humanity rendered it imperative to use St. John's Canons, which were governed by a spirit of leniency greater than that of the ancient Fathers. [33] St. Nicodemos was also aware that the Faster was reproached for the small number of years that he prescribed for abstinence from Communion. [34] St. John provided a new yardstick for repentance: he shortened the period of abstinence from the Mystery of the Divine Eucharist, [35] but he laid greater emphasis on the ascetical dimension, something which, for reasons that are easy to understand, Hesychasts like St. Nicodemos upheld. The Saint offers a masterly explanation of this shift in the Churchs pastoral practice; [36] along with the Faster, he emphasizes an ascetical rule (kanon), which, more than anything else, keeps the penitent in a state of constant vigilance and guides him towards true repentance. There is thus a continuity between the category of mourners [penitents] that existed in Christian antiquity and those Faithful who put into practice and fulfill the ascetical rule given to them. The method changes, but the same spirit is preserved, a spirit which, in both cases, governs the process of repentance and the restoration of the believer to good standing in the Church.

2. The ideas expressed in the Exomologetarion are at odds with the anti-Pietistic tendency that prevails in our day. [37] The attempt to overstate the admittedly pernicious spirit of Pietism [38] little helps those who ardently apply their anti-Pietistic criteria to approach the uvre of St. Nicodemos with purely Orthodox ecclesiological criteria. Somewhere along the line, a delicate balance is lost. At the same time, an evaluation of his works that proceeds from a realm in which asceticism takes priority leads to views that are at times equally hyperbolic; such views constitute a challenge from the right. Thus, two diametrically opposed assessments have been formulated.

The second view is expressed by the venerable Elder, Father Theokletos of Dionysiou. [39] St. Nicodemos distinguishes himself, according to Father Theokletos, as a confessor of rare talent.... In this book, he proves to be an expert interpreter of the penances prescribed by the Sacred Canons, a truly Patristic preacher of repentance.... He is so gentle and compunctionate in his exposition of the Mystery of repentance, confession, and forgiveness that he arouses those who are indifferent towards this Mystery to repentance and confession. [40] The first view is set forth by Professor Chrestos Yannaras, [41] who summarizes his critique of St. Nicodemos as follows: It is, rather, inevitable that an ever-increasing number of people should sever their ties with the Church after just one experience of a traumatic confession based on the principles of a juridical transaction42—and he has in mind, here, the Exomologetarionof St. Nicodemos. He concludes: The God of Augustine, Anselm, and Nicodemos, the God Who terrorizes us with His sadistic demands for justice, is of no interest to humanity. [43] These opinions are shared by others, too. [44] How is one to respond to them?

It is undeniable that the language of the Exomologetarion appears intensely scholastic at many points, and this is something that cannot be overlooked. [45] Academic theology in our day has largely recovered its Orthodox identity—primarily in linguistic terms—and its style has been purged of scholastic influences; as such, it views the language of the Exomologetarion as repulsive and offensive. However, we should not forget that every artifact is a product of its era and embodies the characteristics of that era. The Exomologetarion, too, is a product of the ecclesiastical idiom that was in vogue during the period of the Turkish domination, [46] and it echoes both the climate in which it was written and its Western influences, [47] reformulating the Tradition of the Church with the means provided by that period. This is all the more so because such a work was intended for a broad stratum of the people and was couched in terms that they could understand. However, we should not confuse language with the spirit of Holy Tradition, which is preserved, not simply by language and intellectual expressions, but above all by the practice of asceticism and the entire spiritual struggle. St. Nicodemos, despite the language of the Exomologetarion and other related works of his, is faithful to the Hesychastic tradition and is a successor to St. Gregory Palamas, by virtue of the ascetical experience to which he fully adhered.

Additionally, it is a fact, overlooked by the critics of St. Nicodemos, that his affinity with the juridical Western theory of satisfaction [48] is only a matter of terminology, and it is this terminological resemblance that allows such critics to put forth their familiar, but superficial, equation of his view with the Western view. Linguistically speaking, of course, the correspondence is easy to demonstrate. St. Nicodemos talks about an infinite offense, an eternal recompense, the gratification of Divine justice, the wrath of God, and the like: Do you wish to understand, O sinner, the infinite offense that sin causes to God? Understand it on the basis of the eternal recompense which the Son of God made for it, with so many sufferings and such a shameful death. [49] And elsewhere: For since sin is infinite, according to the theologians; [50] as an offense to the eternal God, [51] it cannot be destroyed by deeds or by satisfaction on the part of a finite creature, let alone such an unclean creature as a sinner. [52] And there are many other similar expressions in the same vein.

Mortal sins, St. Nicodemos writes in another place, render one who commits them an enemy of God and liable to everlasting death in Hell. [53] Sin does not bring harm (only) to the sinner, but also to God. [54] Thus, God becomes a punisher and an avenger in order to restore order where it has been disturbed: The impartial justice of God is satisfied in no other way than by the chastisement of that very body which has sinned. [55] Penances (that is, penitential canons or rules of prayer) are a small punishment whereby the penitent appeases the great wrath that God has towards him. [56]

Admittedly, if these phrases are detached from their context, they immediately take on a cruel, sadistic character, overturning the theology of Divine love which permeates the spirit of Orthodox (ecclesiastical) soteriology (see St. John 3:16, Romans 5:8, etc.). For this reason, it is necessary to place them in the entire context of St. Nicodemos thought and activity.

Now, if we study the Exomologetarion as a whole and put these phrases in its more general theological and pastoral context [and this exhortation applies equally well to the Old Testament and many of its stark words, as they are also seen in the whole context of Scripture and through the eyes of the Fathers—Trans.], we are easily led to a diametrically opposed understanding of them. The term satisfaction occurs very frequently in this work of St. Nicodemos, [57] but it has no connection with the vindictive attitude of some inexorable Divine Judge; it has, rather, to do with the rule assigned to the penitent. [58] The meaning of the term is defined by the author himself as follows: It is the actual fulfillment of the rule given by the spiritual Father. That is, it does not refer to any sadistic authority figure, but indicates the good pleasure and joy (loving satisfaction) of God over the fulfillment of a rule (the taking of ones spiritual medicine in its totality) by the spiritually ailing penitent, just as every doctor rejoices when his patient completes the treatment that he (the doctor) has prescribed. In other words, whereas the Western spirit consists in the vindictive demand on the part of God for the restoration of His wounded dignity, here the love of God is made manifest in the cure of His ailing child. After spending many anguished days examining the relevant passages, I have come to the conclusion that the idea of satisfaction (hikanopoiesis), in the parlance of St. Nicodemos, corresponds to the notion of being well pleasing (or acceptable) and its cognates (euarestein, euarestesis, euarestein to Theo), which are very commonly encountered in ecclesiastical texts (cf. [W]ithout faith [total self-surrender] it is impossible to please [God] [Hebrews 11:6]; For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men [Romans 14:18]). With regard to the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the term satisfaction expresses what is meant by the Gospel phrase: This is my beloved Son, in Whom I am well pleased (St. Matthew 3:17, etc.). Aside from this, it is inconceivable, to put it mildly, that anyone—and especially a theologian—could accept that St. Nicodemos, who was very Patristic and Orthodox in his other works, was caught up in Western error in his Exomologetarion and elsewhere!

Moreover, it is significant that the Saint draws, in the Exomologetarion, not on Western sources, but on the work Peri Mysterion [Concerning the Mysteries], by Gabriel Severos of Philadelphia, an authoritative theologian from the period of the Turkish captivity. [59] In particular, he defines abstinence from Divine Communion as the satisfaction of satisfactions, [60] which is a necessary constituent of true repentance. [61] In this context, satisfaction is divided into two aspects: the physical and the spiritual. The physical aspect consists in fasting, xerophagy [the consumption of uncooked foods—Trans.], prostrations, and almsgiving to all and sundry. The spiritual aspect consists in compunctionate prayer. [62] That is to say, satisfaction is consummated within the boundaries of the process of repentance, and when it is put into practice, it takes on a purely spiritual and totally non-juridical character. Furthermore, it can be documented historically that the practical dimension of the Mystery of repentance was formed by the Churchs monastic practice, that is, by her ascetic practice. [63] As a Hesychast, St. Nicodemos remains absolutely faithful to this spirit.

3. It is from this point on that St. Nicodemos language begins to diverge from the Western Anselmian tradition. Western legalism is defined by Chrestos Yannaras as an individualistic effort, [64] as a juridical activity of individual propitiation [65] by the sinner, who stands alone and guilty before an implacable Deity, a just and retributive judge, Who thirsts insatiably for the satisfaction of His justice, which human sin has offended. [66] Aroused by the boundless sadism of His wounded ego, [67] God demands the punishment of the sinner. Penances are understood, not as an educative therapy provided by God in His lovingkindness for the healing of the sinner, but as a ransom which the sinner must pay. [68] These tendencies evolved in the framework of turning the true Church into a religion and reducing it to a form of individualistic moralism. [69]

It is impossible to identify St. Nicodemos with this mentality, even if only superficially, [70] for the following reasons: (1) he had no direct contact with Western sources, because at this stage he operated freely within the parameters of hagiographical and Patristic language and tradition; (2) and though his scholastic expressions derive from writers of his era, [71] they take on a purely hagiographical and Patristic meaning. For example, he observes that sin defiles the blood of Christ and insults His Grace. [72] However, he accurately quotes Hebrews 10:29: [Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy,] who hath trodden underfoot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the Covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of Grace? Corresponding to the participle treading underfoot (the Son of God) is the application to God of the verb to harm, [73] in which his aim is to make clear to the people, in their own everyday language, the gravity of sin, and especially of mortal sin.

Furthermore, when he writes that sin is forgiven through the infinite satisfaction of Christs sacrifice, [74] he faithfully renders St. Titus 3:5: Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us, by the washing of regeneration, which is parallel to I St. John 1:7, ...and the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin; in addition, Christ is He Who taketh away the sin of the world (St. John 1:29)—or, as St. Basil the Great puts it, the remission of sins is set forth in the blood of Christ. [75]

St. Nicodemos wishes, hereby, precisely to avoid a twofold danger: (1) that the sinner be led into quaking with guilt and the threat of condemnation, [76] or (2) that he form the impression that a rule, in and of itself, leads one to salvation. Forestalling similar superficial assurances, he teaches that sins are not forgiven through performing our rule, but through the mercy of God and through the satisfaction [i.e., the blood] of Jesus Christ. [77] God punished sin in the person of Jesus Christ, but with such harshness, that all of the aforementioned punishments, in comparison with this one, seem like a shadow.... [78] The purpose of these words, formulated in such a way that ordinary people could understand them, is to show how important the sacrifice of Jesus Christ is and to dissociate the idea of a rule from any demand for recompense, [79] making the Faithful aware of the fact that an ascetical rule simply makes a man receptive to God's Grace, by opening him up to It. [80] This is precisely what he means when he exhorts the sinner to propitiate Divine justice with this temporal rule [81]: a man must become receptive to Grace.

The use of the terms wrath, chastisement, enemy of God, wrath of God, guilty, punishment, and the like, is free, in the uvre of St. Nicodemos, from any juridical purport and makes it easy for readers to approach his teaching, which rests on firm hagiographical and Patristic foundations. We do not need to cite actual examples of every term. For the sake of argument, we will confine ourselves to a single passage from St. Gregory of Nyssa concerning the controversial term punishment: Just as every man, as the Apostle says [cf. I Corinthians 3:3], shall receive his own reward, according to his own labor, so as a matter of course he shall receive punishment for neglect of labor in proportion to his strength. [82] This idiom, moreover, is customary in ecclesiastical worship and is therefore familiar to a believer who loves the Divine services. Let us recall that the Prayer of Manasses, King of Juda [83] is linguistically at odds with the Prayer of St. Basil the Great, [84] even though both are read at Great Compline. And these are certainly not the only examples.

4. Any anachronistic hermeneutical approach to the Exomologetarion, and to St. Nicodemos more generally, does an injustice to the Saint and his theology. I have already said that the language of the Exomologetarionis repugnant to todays believer; but it is all the more repugnant to one who moves on the fringes of the Churchs life and experience. In this work, the Saint operates within the soteriological framework of the Church, in the spirit of the Philokalia. It is inadmissible to compartmentalize his personality, which remains forever integrated, unified, and inseparable, in keeping with the Neptic tradition of Orthodoxy (the prayer of the heart). [85]

St. Nicodemos' sole purpose is to make man aware of the essence of sin and its devastating power, since it jeopardizes his very salvation, depriving him of God's Grace and, thereby, of the capacity for adoption into Divine sonship. [86] The true Gospel (Good News) is described by St. Nicodemos as adoption into sonship: It is a special and distinctive gift and a charism so sublime that it makes the Holy Spirit dwell in you; He is present in you and acts in you in a way that is peculiar and distinct from His presence and activity in all other places, because He makes man a son of God and an heir of His Kingdom. [87] It is for this reason that St. Nicodemos wishes to make man hate sin [88] (hate and loathe sin89). Hence, he covers every possible shade of sin in his analysis of the Decalogue and, of course, those that are most common in any age, such as sins of the flesh. Thereby, the Saint presents the struggling believer of his time with a spiritual mirror, although it is necessary that one be aware (and this includes the spiritual Father, too) of what the illnesses of the soul, that is, sins, are, so that he may know how to cure them. [90] This is a matter, therefore, not of Latin casuistry, but rather of a medical diagnosis that is the necessary prerequisite for any cure. [91]

Consequently, the author does not offer an impersonal legal code [92] but a classification of spiritual diseases, so that a spiritual Father might determine an appropriate prescription. St. Nicodemos always has in view the ideal of the authentic Christian and how a penitent can attain to this ideal. A Christian who does not live a Christian life is not a Christian, he observes, [93] basing himself on the Fathers. [94] Nicodemos has no patience [95] for the idea of a Christian committing mortal sins; which is to say, this is, for the Saint, intolerable! Indeed, he trembles at the mere thought of it. Thus, he does not offer half measures in the war against sin, but very drastic measures. And there is no measure more drastic than ascesis, that is, the spiritual struggle, which is laid down and conveyed by the Tradition of the Church. One who is a Christian only intellectually, and does not cultivate asceticism, cannot understand the spirit of St. Nicodemos, since the Saint regards as legendary the defining characteristics of asceticism, which correspond to the experience of the monastic Saints (e.g., St. Gerasimos, et al.). [96]

As we have already said, St. Nicodemos emphasizes the authority of St. John the Faster, because, in place of lengthy abstinence from Divine Communion, he puts the weight of repentance on the rule (on satisfaction). St. Nicodemos underscores in particular the importance of the ascetical rule, because he wants to help the Faithful to approach Divine Communion more frequently, [97] without trivializing the Mystery in such a way that it loses its significance and place in the life of the Church. Indeed, the Jesuit Gerhard Podskalsky, in his assessment of the Exomologetarion, observes that its author is concerned, not only with the validity, but at the same time with the most fruitful possible reception of the Mysteries. [98] That is to say, we should avoid communing unworthily (I Corinthians 11:27-29). [99]

Consequently, any attempt to interpret the sacred Canons in legalistic or moralistic categories is foreign to St. Nicodemos. [100] The penances, the satisfaction, and the rule imposed by a spiritual Father are not, in the end, a punishment or a chastisement, but, as he points out, entail ones salvation. And here [101] he cites the Divine Chrysostomos, who writes: Let us also learn these laws of charity [which St. Paul had enjoined in the case of the man who had fallen into fornication]. For if you see a horse hurtling down a precipice, you throw a bridle on him; you restrain him forcibly and whip him frequently. Although this is a punishment, yet the punishment itself is the mother of safety. Act thusly, also, in the case of those who sin. Restrain one who has transgressed until he is pleasing to God; do not let him go loose, lest he be bound more tightly by the wrath of God.... Do not suppose, then, that such treatment derives from cruelty and inhumanity; it derives, rather, from the utmost gentleness, excellent medical care, and great solicitude. [102]

This passage from St. John Chrysostomos is, I believe, the key to understanding and vindicating St. Nicodemos language, too. The Mystery of repentance, in all of its workings—as the Churchs pastoral mechanism par excellence—, presents many parallels to medical science, in terms of its language and methods. It is the means by which the Church effects cures, and for this reason it functions in a manner as practical as surgery. To be sure, this kind of language does not belong in a mission to those outside the Church, nor is it suitable for use with neophytes who have not entered into the Churchs spiritual life, since the results would be rather negative. [103] It is, however, the proper language for dealing with sinners who are conscious of the life of the Church and who sincerely seek to be readmitted into the body of the Church. In them, such language engenders joyful sorrow (xarmolph). They feel sorrow and fear, for they are unworthy because of sin, but joy, on account of their salvation [104]

The most important point, however, is that the Exomologetarion functions within the framework of the Church and orients the believer, not towards some individual justification, but towards readmittance into the life of the Church. Only through ascetical praxis, as an endeavor within the realm of this Mystery (and, consequently, one that is centered on the Church), can the believer become receptive to Grace, and this Grace is imparted by the Mystery of the Church. The Exomologetarionis not without an ecclesiological perspective, for it greets man in the narthex of the Church, in order to lead him to the Holy of Holies. Spiritual Fathers, according to St. Nicodemos, are those physicians and innkeepers whom the Lord established, in keeping with the Gospel parable, in the inn of the Church to care for the sick; that is, those sinners who are wounded by the noetic brigands, namely, the demons. [105] The Exomologetarionalways presupposes the Church. She is the mother [of the believer]...who delivered the Faith to him. [106] Moreover, it frequently mentions the Saints, the Angels, and especially the Theotokos, into whose fellowship the repentant sinner is reincorporated. The author does not neglect to remind us of the category of mourners, that is, the penitents of the early centuries of Christianity, [107] who attest to the Churchs abiding penitential practice.

Accordingly, the penitent is called to an awareness that he belongs to a society that is not worldly or secularized, but ecclesiastical. For this reason, in his interpretation of the Canons, St. Nicodemos often explains them in social terms. These explanations impress us even today by their progressiveness, [108] and they also liberate the penitent from any individualistic notion of himself. Thus, ascetical satisfaction becomes an ecclesiastical event and an act of communion. [109]

In my humble opinion, the process of repentance should never deviate from the spirit of the Exomologetarion of St. Nicodemos—understood and interpreted, of course, in an Orthodox manner. However, a Christian who reads this book today, but who is not familiar with the language and ascetical practice of the Church, should first read an informative introduction, which ought to constitute the preface to any future reprinting of the book. To be precise, it is my wish that the present text might be of assistance in this regard.

From Orthodox Tradition, Volume XIX (2002), No. 1, pp. 14-31. It was translated from the Greek by the editorial staff of Orthodox Tradition. The article originally delivered as a paper at the First St. Nicodemos the Hagiorite Scientific Congress, September 21-23, 1999, held at the Holy Monastery of St. Nicodemos in Pentalophos, Goumenissa. It was first printed in Vol. XXXIV of the Epistemonike Epeteris tes Theologikes Scholes tou Panepistemiou Athenon.

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