A Homily on the Holy Eucharist and on Not Judging Others or Remembering Wrongs
by the Holy Hieromartyr, Patriarch Anastasios II of Antioch
When published in Orthodox Tradition, this homily,
translated and edited by Hieromonk Patapios and Archbishop Chrysostomos,
appeared for the first time in English translation. The Greek original of the
text can be found in the Patrologia Graeca, Vol. LXXXIX, cols. 825A-849C.
THE GRACE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT always urges us, throughout Holy Writ, to
fulfill the Divine commandments. This is especially true of the admonitions of
the Prophet David that are chanted daily in our psalmody. For, the Book of
Psalms instructs us in piety, sets forth ordinances concerning faith, teaches
temperance, leads us to the fear of God, and speaks about punishment,
compunction, continence, repentance, compassion, the love of God, the patience
of God, chastity, long-suffering, fasting, and beneficence. Now, assiduity and
attentiveness in prayer and in reading the Divine Scriptures are the mother of
all the virtues. It is by prayer that we obtain every request and gift from God;
as Scripture says: In congregations bless ye God (Psalm 67:26, Septuaginta),
and in the midst of the Church will I hymn Thee (Psalm 21:22, Septuaginta).
Hence, the Prophet, in the person of God, quite naturally suggests that we
practice unceasing assiduity and attentiveness towards God, saying: Be still,
and know that I am God (Psalm 45:11, Septuaginta). Thus, without great
attentiveness and diligence in prayer and the reading of Divine Scripture it is
impossible either to receive what one requests from God or truly to know God.
For, if it often happens that one who spends a sufficient number of years in
secular schools is scarcely able to learn this or that skill, how much more must
one who wishes to attain to knowledge of God and to please Him devote his time
to God and fervently and ardently elevate his soul to Him as it were on wings
until the end of his life? Do you not see how those who assume temporal and
transitory power, whenever they grasp some opportunity, are driven and impelled
by their own thoughts as if by fire, and every one of them says: As long as I
find the opportunity, as long as I am in power, as long as I am able to give
orders and demand obedience, as long as lifes affairs turn out well for me, I
will acquire riches, build, plant, plunder, prosper, and seize the initiative
before there is a change in circumstances! I will not wait, I will not be
negligent, for I do not know what the next day will bring! The majority of men
are urged on by these and similar thoughts, as if driven and impelled by demons;
they are suffocated by the temptations and cares of this life, and without any
profit. None of them gives any thought to the soul, death, punishment, or
judgment. We practically ignore ourselves and deceive ourselves. And if this
were all, it would not be so bad; but we hate and slander one another, we plot
against each other, and we envy, calumniate, and mock one another. None of us
pays any attention to his own sins, no one is concerned about his own load; but
we examine the sins of our neighbors with precision and are filled with mud up
to our necks, and yet, we are not at all bothered about this. We worry about
other peoples affairs until old age, and not even in old age do we examine our
own vices. We see the small faults of our brothers, but we do not see the beam
in our own eye. We are weighed down by the burden of our sins, and yet, we busy
ourselves with the flaws of others. Not even then do we feel shame; we spare no
one and respect no one, but bite everyone. We devour everyone, the small, the
great, the guilty, the innocent, Priests, our teachers, those who lead us, those
who admonish us, and those who correct us. And for this reason, the wrath of God
is coming upon us. It is because of the blindness that grips us that we are
being chastised and delivered up to many afflictions and calamities.
Great is our blindness, great is our indolence, great is our negligence. We
have no compunction, no fear of God, no amendment, no repentance; our mind is
directed entirely towards wickedness, wantonness, and drunkenness. It often
happens that, throughout the day, when we occupy ourselves in theatres, shameful
conversations, and the other works of the Devil, we do not become bored, and we
even despise food, our homes, and lifes other necessities on account of these
pursuits. But in the Church of God, we do not want to stand for even one hour
before God in prayer and reading; rather, we hasten to depart from His Church as
if from a fire. As for the Holy Gospel, if a longer passage is read, we get
angry and stand there listlessly; if the Priest who is reciting the prayers
prolongs them just a little, we be come sullen and inattentive. If the one who
offers the bloodless Sacrifice proceeds too slowly, we become bored and morose,
we yawn, and we hasten to withdraw from prayer as swiftly as we would from a
court of law. And yet, we are incited by the Devil to go and engage in idle and
prodigal activities. Great is our wretchedness, my beloved. Although we ought to
be ardent and zealous in all prayer and supplication, and especially in the
Divine Liturgy of the Immaculate Mysteries, and although we are obligated to
attend with fear and trembling before the Master at such a gathering, yet we do
not make even this offering to Him with a sincere conscience in a spirit of
contrition and humility; rather, we carry out our legal transactions and deal
with our many vain concerns at the Holy Eucharist.
There are some who are not concerned about the cleansing and repentance with
which they should approach the Holy Table, but about the kind of clothing with
which they are to adorn themselves. Others come, but do not see fit to remain in
attendance until the service is over; they ask other people what is going on at
the Eucharist and whether it is time for communion. Then they burst in
hurriedly, like dogs, snatch the Mystical Bread, and depart. Others who are
present in the Church of God do not keep silent even for one hour, chattering
with one another, intent on babble rather than on prayer. Others relinquish the
Mystagogy of the Divine Liturgy and give themselves over to carnal pleasures.
Others pay no heed or attention to their consciences, for they do not cleanse
themselves of the filth of sin through self-examination, but add to the burden
of their sins by contemplating the beautiful figures of women, making the Church
of God into a brothel through their irrational concupiscence. Others make
business and property deals, turning the Church, at that most awesome hour, into
a stock exchange and a marketplace. Others engage in mutual backbiting, and even
against the very Priests who are offering the Eucharistic Sacrifice.
Certain women are not exempt from these criticisms, and, in particular, all
those who are slaves to the Devil and do not attend the Church of God so much
for the sake of prayer as to be seen and to lead many of the more naïve men
astray. Therefore, since my exhortation concerns the two sexes, both men and
women, I shall return to the original purpose of my discourse, expressing and
deploring the kinds of woes that our own indolence and contempt have wrought for
us who suppose ourselves to be Christians. What could be more dreadful than such
behavior, when, being replete with rapine, wickedness, and multitudes of sins,
washing our hands with a little water, and being thus unclean and defiled, we
take into ourselves that Holy Body and the Divine Blood which was shed for the
salvation of the world?
Do you not see how Judas, after partaking of the Body of the Master
unworthily and treacherously, was immediately condemned and gave more room to
the Evil One? For, Scripture says: And when he had taken the sop, Satan at once
entered into him (St. John 13:27); not because the Devil disdained that Bread,
but so as to convict the partaker of communing to his own condemnation. For with
what con science, tell me, do you approach the Mysteries? In what state of soul,
with what thoughts, having your conscience within you as your accuser? Tell me,
if you were carrying dung in your hands, would you dare to touch the kings
robes? And why am I saying this? You would not touch even your own clothes with
dirty hands, but you would first wash them and dry them, and then you would
touch your clothing. Why, therefore, do you not render to God the honor that you
accord to mere clothing? And tell me, what forgiveness will you enjoy? For, it
is not entering into the Church of God and venerating the sacred figures on the
Holy Icons and the Precious Cross that is pleasing to God; nor is it washing
ones hands in water that constitutes cleansing, but, rather, avoiding and
washing away the filth of sins both by confession and by tears, and purging away
the stains of sins by means of a humbled soul. Only thus may we approach the
Immaculate Mysteries.
But perhaps someone will say: It is not pleasant for me to weep and lament
over myself. And why is this? It is because you do not toil, you lack
understanding, and you do not take into account the fearful Day of Judgment.
However, if you cannot weep, at least groan heavily, look sad, and restrain
laughter; at least cast away elation and stand before the Master with fear,
inclining your eyes to the ground and confessing to Him with a downcast spirit.
Do you not see how those who stand before an earthly king—and oftentimes even an
un godly one—stand before him with all reverence, gazing at him with trembling,
not saying anything or moving, and without agitation, but stand before him in
silence and awe? But we stand in the Church of God as if we were in a theatre or
a bathhouse, laughing, babbling, and chattering. Thus, we deceive ourselves,
failing to keep in mind that we are standing in church.
Do you not know that the Church of God is a surgery and a harbor? Now, if you
remain in a surgery ailing and unhealed, when, henceforth, will you be cured?
And if you are tempest-tossed in a harbor, where, hereafter, will you find rest?
Stand with reverence, I implore you. Stand with awe at the fearful hour of the
Anaphora; for with whatever attitude and thoughts each of you attends at
that hour, such also is the frame of mind in which he offers worship to the
Master. The oblation is called the Anaphora because it is offered up to
God. Therefore, stand before God in silence and compunction. Con fess your sins
to God through the Priests. Condemn your actions and do not be ashamed; for,
there is a shame that bringeth sin, and there is a shame which is glory and
grace (Ecclesiasticus 4:2 1). Condemn yourself before men, so that the Judge
may justify you before Angels and the whole world. Seek mercy, seek forgiveness,
seek remission of past sins and deliverance from future sins, so that you may
approach the Mysteries worthily, so that you may partake of the Body and Blood
with a pure conscience, and so that it may be for you unto purification and not
unto condemnation. Hear what the Divine Paul says: Let each man examine
himself, and so let him eat of that Bread, and drink of that Cup. For he that
eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not
discerning the Lord's Body. For this cause many are weak and sickly among you,
and many sleep (I Corinthians 11:27-30). Do you notice that illness and
death result, for the most part, from approaching the Divine Mysteries
unworthily?
But perhaps you will say: And who is worthy? I, too, am aware of this.
However, you will become worthy, if only you desire it. Recognize that you are a
sinner. Cut yourself off from sin. Desist from sin, wickedness, and anger.
Display the works of repentance; endue your self with prudence, meekness, and
forbearance. Show compassion from the fruits of righteousness for those in need,
and you will have become worthy. Beseech God with a contrite heart, and He will
fulfill your petitions; for, if you do not do this, you will be wasting the time
that you spend in church. These are not my words, but the voice of the Master:
And why say ye, Lord, Lord, and do not My will? (cf St. Matthew 7:21;
St. Luke 6:46); for, faith without works is dead (St. James 2:20). And why,
someone will object, because I have evil deeds, should I not pray? Why should I
not spend time in the Church of God? This is not what I am saying, nor do I
even countenance it. But I beseech you to pray as you ought, so that when we
draw near to God in our prayers, we may stand before Him in a way that befits
Him, lest Christ say to us as He did to the Jews: My house shall be called the
house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves (St. Matthew 21:13). For,
if those who sold and bought in the Judaic temple were beaten by the Lord and
expelled, what kind of punishment and Gehenna is in store for those who slander
each other and remember wrongs? What suffering will be inflicted on us who swear
allegiance to God, but are subject to the Devil?
For, since the Priest is a mediator between God and man and propitiates God
for the remission of the sins of the multitude, consider how he fortifies
everyone in advance and bears witness, as if saying words such as these to the
people: Since you have established me, O my people, as a mediator before God on
your behalf at this mystical Table, I implore you, be as zealous as I am.
Refrain from all worldly thoughts. Forsake every bodily care. It is time for
fervent prayer, not for idle pursuits. Hear what the Deacon exclaims to you,
when he says: Let us stand well, let us stand with fear. Let us be attentive
to the holy Oblation, let us incline our necks, let us restrain our minds, let
us hold our tongues, let us give wings to our minds, and let us ascend to
Heaven. Let us lift up our minds and hearts, let us raise the eye of our soul up
to God, let us traverse Heaven, let us go past the Angels, let us go past the
Cherubim, and let us run to the very Throne of the Master, let us grasp Christs
immaculate feet themselves, let us weep, let us, as it were, compel Him to be
compassionate, and let us give thanks in the holy, heavenly, and ethereal
Sanctuary.
The Priest affirms these things to us when he says: Let us lift up our
hearts. What do we then say in response to these words? We lift them up unto
the Lord. What are you saying? What are you doing? Our minds are distracted by
corruptible and transient things, and they devote themselves to vanities,
possessions, pleasures, and court cases. And you say: I lift it [my heart] up
unto the Lord? Make sure, I beseech you, that you have your heart elevated to
the Lord, and not lowered to the Devil. What are you doing, O man? The Priest is
offering the bloodless Sacrifice to the Master for your sake, and you view it
with disdain? The Priest is struggling for your sake. Standing before the Altar
as if before a dread tribunal, he implores and urges that the Grace of the Holy
Spirit might come down to you from on high, and you take no thought for your own
salvation? Do not carry on like this, I beg you. Abandon this evil and vain
habit. Cry out with the Priest who is struggling for you, toil with him who
prays for you. Offer yourself for your salvation: The effectual fervent prayer
of a righteous man availeth much (St. James 5:16). It will be effectual if you
struggle together with the Priest and manifest the fruits of repentance; for,
when one buildeth and another pulleth down, what profit have they except
labors? (Ecclesiasticus 31:23). What is not terrible about this destruction,
when you not only lie to Christ at that dread hour of the Divine Eucharist, but
also feel rancor towards your own brothers, although you say in the Lord's
Prayer, and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors (St. Matthew
6:12)?
What are you saying, O man? Why do you display such audacious insolence
towards God? You remember wrongs which you brother has done to you, while you
sharpen a knife to use against him, devise mischief against him, and bear
malicious poison in your heart, and yet you cry out to God: Forgive me my
debts, even as I, too, have for given my debtor? Have you come to pray in God's
Church or to lie? To receive Grace, or to draw down His wrath upon yourself? To
gain forgiveness of sins, or to add to your sins? To obtain salvation or
punishment? Do you not see that we give each other the kiss of peace at that
fearful hour precisely in order that, having rejected every bond of iniquity
(Isaiah 58:6) and hard-heartedness, we might draw near to the Master with a pure
heart?
What are you doing, O man? While the six-winged Angels are ministering and
covering the mystical Table, the Cherubim are standing around and exclaiming the
Thrice-Holy Hymn with clear voices, the Seraphim are bowing their heads with
reverence, the Hierarch is propitiating God on your behalf—all of them
concentrating on the proceedings with fear and trembling—, the Lamb of God is
being sacrificed, the Holy Spirit is descending from on high, the Angels are
running about all the people unseen as they note down and register the souls of
the Faithful, do you not shudder at the disdain that you show and at the kiss of
Judas that you give to your brother, concealing in your heart the recollection
of wrongs committed many years ago and the pernicious venom of the serpent
against your brother? How can you not shudder and fall down when you say to Him
Who knows the secrets of the heart: Forgive me, even as I, too, have forgiven
my brother? In what way does such a prayer differ from a curse? Why, in saying
this, you contradict yourself: If I pardon, pardon me; if I forgive, forgive
me; if I show sympathy, show sympathy to me; if I harbor a grudge against my
fellow-servant, harbor one against me; if I am angry, be angry with me; with
what measure I measure, let it be measured to me; if I forgive with hypocrisy,
may I be shown mercy with hypocrisy. I shall pronounce the verdict against
myself, O Master. For I have heard Thy fearful voice, which says: For with what
measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again (St. Matthew 7:2); and: If
ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive you (St.
Matthew 6:15). Convinced by the assertion of these unerring words of Thine, I
have pardoned and forgiven those who have sinned against me. Therefore, O
Master, pardon me, just as I, too, have pardoned my fellow-servants.
Let us say these things. Let us pray them every day when we are present at
the time of the awesome and dread Eucharist. In recognition of this, the Priest,
after the consecration of that bloodless Sacrifice, elevates the Bread of Life
and shows it to everyone. The Deacon then exclaims, Let us attend, that is,
Be attentive to yourselves, brethren. Behold, shortly before this you agreed
when you said: We lift our hearts up unto the Lord. And again, confessing your
purity of heart and freedom from rancor, you said: Forgive us, as we forgive
our debtors. For this reason, you gave one another the kiss of peace. But since
I, too, am a man and do not know your thoughts, I refrain from passing judgment
on them; for I do not know who is worthy or unworthy to partake of these
Mysteries, and this is why I tell you to be attentive to yourselves and to be
aware of the One before Whom you stand.
The Priest then immediately adds: The Holy Things are for the Holy. Now,
what is he saying? Be careful, brothers, how you draw near to partake of the
Divine Mysteries, lest any of you, when approaching to commune, should hear: Do
not touch Me, depart from Me, you who remember wrongs and work iniquity. Go far
away from Me, you who do not forgive your brother. And then come and offer your
gift, and you will be counted worthy to commune (cf St. Matthew 5:23-24).
Cast off from yourself all the filth of evil, and then come and receive the coal
that purifies. Say to Him: I know, O Master, that I am a debtor with many sins
and offenses, but because of Thy commandment, I have forgiven my brothers, so
that I, too, may be vouchsafed forgiveness from Thee, O Master. These things
and the like are suggested to us by the Priest through that small exclamation.
So, let us who desire to walk worthily of the vocation wherewith we have
been called (Ephesians 4:1) forgive our brothers and cast off all evil and
wickedness from ourselves. Do not say, I have forgiven my brother many times
and he has sinned against me again, because you, too, will hear the same words
from the Master. Do not say, So-and-so has greatly offended me, he has designs
on my house, he has appropriated my land, he has killed my son, he has caused me
many woes, he has thrown me into prison, he has handed me over to death, and
this I cannot forgive. No, my beloved, do not talk this way, I beg you. As much
as you pardon your brother, so much and much more will the Master pardon you.
Imitate Stephen, the first among the Martyrs. Now, what did he say while he was
being pelted with stones? O Lord, lay not this sin to their charge (Acts
7:59).
Imitate James, the Brother of God, of whom ancient historians [see Eusebios,
Church History, Book II, ch. 23 (Patrologia Graeca, Vol. XX, col.
201A)—Trans.] relate that he prayed for those who were about to kill him
and said: O Lord, forgive them; for they know not what they do (cf St.
Luke 23:34). Imitate the Master Himself, Who accepted death for the sake of your
salvation, and, if your brother wants to hang you on a tree, cry out with the
Master and say: Father, forgive them this sin (cf St. Luke 23:34).
Consider the man who owed ten thousand talents to his master. When you hear ten
thousand talents, understand by this the burden of sins. After this man had
fallen down before his master, pleaded with him, and implored him, he was
forgiven the entire amount. But because he harbored a grudge and did not forgive
his fellow-servant, he forfeited the pardon that he had obtained and was
delivered to eternal Hell. His rancor alone was sufficient to destroy him, over
and above all of those grave sins that amounted to ten thousand talents (St.
Matthew 18:23-35).
So, I beseech you, let us flee from this wicked and unforgivable sin. And, if
you want to learn that the darkness of rancor is worse than any other sin,
listen to me. Every other sin is committed for a short time and is quickly
accomplished. For example, one fornicates, and after this he realizes the
magnitude of the sin, and recognizes his guilt. But remembrance of wrongs is an
unceasing and festering passion. For, whether he stands up, lies down, prays, or
travels, one who is gripped by this passion retains the poison of it in his
heart unceasingly and unremittingly, with the result that, being thus enslaved,
he neither enjoys the Grace of God nor obtains the forgiveness of his sins.
Where rancor puts down its roots, nothing is of any avail: neither fasting, nor
prayer, nor tears, nor confession, nor supplication, nor virginity, nor
almsgiving, nor any other good deed. Rancor towards ones brother destroys
everything.
Let us also take careful note of the following point. Christ did not say, If
thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thou hast ought
against thy brother, but if thou rememberest that thy brother hath ought
against thee, go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and
offer thy gift (St. Matthew 5:23-24). If, therefore, we ought to heal the evil
and wickedness of a brother, what forgiveness do we have, not only if we fail to
do this, but also if we remember wrongs that our brothers have done to us and
conceal with in ourselves the pernicious venom of the serpent? I often hear many
people saying: Alas, how can I be saved? I do not have the strength to fast, I
do not know how to keep vigil, I cannot practice virginity, I cannot bear to
withdraw from the world—how, then, can I be saved? How? I will tell you.
Forgive, and you will be forgiven (cf. St. Luke 6:37). Behold, a single
short path to salvation. I will show you a second way, too. And what is this?
Judge not, and ye shall not be judged (St. Luke 6:37). Behold, another way,
one that does not involve fasting, vigil, or effort.
Therefore, do not judge your brother, even if you see him sinning with your
own eyes. For, there is one Judge and Master, Who will render to each man
according to his deeds, and one Day of Judgment, on which we shall stand, laid
bare according to our actions and receiving the mercy of God. For the Father
judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son (St. John 5:22).
He, therefore, who judges before the Second Coming of Christ is an Antichrist,
for he usurps the office of Christ. Let us not judge our brothers, I implore
you, so that we might be vouchsafed forgiveness. Well, perhaps you see him
sinning; but you do not know what kind of ending his life will have. That thief
who was crucified with Jesus had committed homicide, whereas Judas was an
Apostle and Disciple of Jesus and one of His genuine Disciples. And yet, within
a short span of time an exchange took place: the thief entered the Kingdom,
while the Disciple went to perdition. Now, granted your brother is a sinner, how
do you know about his other deeds? For, many who have sinned frequently and
openly have secretly brought forth great repentance. We see them sinning, but we
have no knowledge of their repentance and conversion. By us they are judged to
be sinners, but they are justified by God.
Hence, I beseech you, let us not remember wrongs or judge any man until the
coming of the just Judge, Who both will bring to light the hidden things of
darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts (I Corinthians
4:5). Above all, do not judge any Priest of God regarding secret and uncertain
things that you have heard about him. Do not say: He who offers the Eucharist
is a sinner, he is condemned, he is unworthy, and the Grace of the All-Holy
Spirit does not descend. Do not think anything of the kind. There is Another
Who knows and examines what lies hidden. Know this about yourself, that everyone
is superior to you, and leave the judgment to the just Judge. As long as a
Priest is not in error about the dogmas that pertain to God, it is not for you
to judge the rest—if, indeed, you have not taken leave of your senses, but are
aware of your limitations and know your place. Well then, someone will say,
is a Priest not subject to spiritual court and ecclesiastical Canons? Yes, of
course. However, he will not be judged by you, but by God, or in many cases by a
Hierarch. Why do you, being a sheep, judge the shepherd? Why do you
Pharisaically usurp the judgment of God and a sacred office which has not
even been entrusted to you by God?
For this reason, I implore you, do not judge anyone, and especially not a
Priest of God, but approach the Divine Mysteries with faith, efficacious
repentance, and a pure heart, and you will attain to complete sanctification.
For, even if an Angel of God offers the bloodless Sacrifice, and you approach
unworthily, in no way will the Angel cleanse you of your sins. That what I am
saying is true is attested by Judas himself. In his case, after receiving the
Divine Bread from the immaculate hands of the very Master, because he received
It unworthily, Satan immediately entered into him.
And if you would like to hear a story to the effect that not judging frees
one from sins, and conversely, that judging places a seal on ones sins, then
listen. As Christ the Master is my witness, those who beheld this event are
still alive and in the flesh. A certain monk, who had passed his life in
complete negligence and sloth, became sick unto death. When he had reached his
last breath, he was not at all afraid of death, but began to depart from his
body with the utmost gratitude and eagerness. One of the God-loving Fathers
sitting beside him asked him: Brother, believe me, looking at you, we used to
reckon that you had spent your life in total idleness and negligence, and so we
do not know how you can be so free from anxiety at this time. To this, the
brother replied: Truly, reverend Fathers, truly I have passed my life in
complete slothfulness, and now the Angels of God have brought the record of my
sins to me at this very hour. After reading aloud the sins which I had committed
since the time I renounced the world, they said to me: Do you recognize these
sins? And I responded: Yes, I certainly do; nevertheless, ever since I
renounced the world and became a monk, I have neither judged any man nor
remembered any wrongs.
And I beg you to observe in my case what Christ said: Judge not, and ye
shall not be judged, and: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven (St. Luke 6:37).
When I had said this to the Angels, they immediately tore up the record of my
sins, and behold, I am going to Christ full of joy and free from anxiety. After
relating this story to the Fathers, the brother surrendered his spirit to the
Lord in peace, giving a very beneficial and edifying example to those present.
May we be deemed worthy of this benefit and edification, and of the portion of
those who preserve themselves invulnerable to all condemnation and rancor, by
the Grace and love for mankind of our All-Holy and merciful God, for to Him are
due all glory, honor, and worship, together with His Only Begotten Son and His
All-Holy and life-giving Spirit, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.
From
Orthodox Tradition, Vol. XIX, No. 3 & 4 (2002), pp. 12-21.
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